Category: Veterinary Surgery and Radiology

Cataract is a cloudiness of lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision and often develops slowly which can affect one or both eyes.
Geriatric dogs (usually beginning at 6 years of age) develop a hardening of the lens (Nuclear Sclerosis) that causes the lens to have a grayish appearance. The grayish-blue haze increases as the dog ages. Nuclear sclerosis is not a cataract, and does not usually interfere with vision.
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Good oral hygiene in canines is important to prevent microscopic changes in the heart, liver, and kidneys, hence increasing the lifespan of the dog. Dental hygienists can play a role in the veterinary practice by helping pets maintain great oral health, which enhances the quality of life for both pet and owner. Although the canine oral cavity contains similar genus of bacteria as in humans, the species are different. Unlike humans, animals rarely get cavities. This is because cavities are primarily caused by the high sugar content of the human diet. However, the inflammatory disease (periodontal disease) process in canines is not much different than it is in humans. Canines have 42 permanent teeth that, like human teeth, are comprised of enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. The canine periodontium is composed of free and attached gingiva, alveolar bone, periodontium, and junctional epithelium. The periodontium functions to support the teeth. Porphyromonas species are the predominant genus in dogs. The most prevalent species associated with periodontal disease in dogs are Porphyromonas crevioricanis and Fusobacterium canifelinum. These gram-negative bacteria are able to migrate to other parts of the body causing systemic disease such as chronic bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, endocarditis, interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, and hepatitis.
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Dental tartar is greyish brown or greyish yellow deposit seen accumulating on the teeth. It is composed of carbonate, phosphate, organic matter, bacteria and mucous.
Caries is progressive destruction of the tooth substance. It is caused by bacterial activity which is favoured by accumulation of food particles on the tooth. When the disease is advanced the pulp cavity may involved.
Odontoma (dental tumor) is composed of tooth tissue. It originates from the tooth. It is rarely observed in cattle, buffalo and sheep. The tumor may occupy a position anywhere in the mandible or maxilla but mostly lower jaw is involved.
Tumors originating from the gums and alveoli are called epulis. It is most commonly seen in dogs. The tumors is firm and hard in consistency may be grey pink or bright red and is located at gingival margin.
Dental fistula is produced by communication of the root of a tooth with the outside.
Alveolar periostitis is inflammation of alveolar periosteum. Commonly seen in dogs than Horses & Cattle.
Congenital abnormalities are Prognatism, Brachygnathism, Supernumerary teeth, Wave mouth and Step mouth.
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The uveal tract has 3 parts: the iris and the cilliary body, which together form the anterior uvea, and the choroid which is also known as the posterior uvea.
Uveitis (Anterior uveitis, Intermediate uveitis, Posterior uveitis and Panuveitis) and Fuchs’ heterochromic iridocyclitis are surgical condtions affecting uvea.
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