Physiology of Reproductive system

Reproduction is essential for continuity of species in living organisms. Asexual & sexual reproduction both produce new individuals. Asexual reproduction: Progeny genetically identical to parent. Sexual reproduction : Progeny genetically dissimilar to parents. Sexual reproduction is the most successful form of reproduction. In lower forms of animals reproduction occurs by mitotic cell division.
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Neuromuscular disorders

Neuromuscular disorders in animals are associated with spontaneous and inherited endocrine, immune-mediated, infectious, toxic, metabolic and neoplastic diseases. It includes endocrine myopathies, mitochondrial myopathies, disorder of glycolysis affecting skeletal muscle, ion channelopathies, muscular dystrophy.
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Nervous system

The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body. In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called motor or efferent nerves, while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called sensory or afferent. Spinal nerves serve both functions and are called mixed The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems, the somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state. The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system. Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily. Nerves that exit from the cranium are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
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Malignant hyperthermia

Malignant hyperthermiais a hyper metabolic syndrome involving skeletal muscle characterized by hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, increased oxygen consumption, cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis, muscle rigidity, unstable arterial blood pressure, and death. MH is inherited as an autosomal recessive gene in swine but as an autosomal dominant gene in humans, horses, and dogs. In swine, stresses such as fighting, transport, and exercise also trigger its onset & it is found in Porcine stress syndrome.
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Physiology of Autonomic nervous system

The ANS is composed of 2 anatomically and functionally distinct divisions, the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system. They provide some degree of nervous input to a given tissue at all times. The sympathetic system predominates during emergency “fight-or-flight” reactions and during exercise. The overall effect of the sympathetic system under these conditions is to prepare the body for strenuous physical activity. The parasympathetic system predominates during quiet, resting conditions. The overall effect of the parasympathetic system under these conditions is to conserve and store energy and to regulate basic body functions such as digestion and urination.
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